15.4. Query Types
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## 15.4. Query Types

### 15.4.1. Term Query

Term queries are intended for a searching for a single term. Both of search methods can be used to perform term queries.

Query string:

        $hits = $index->find('word1');

or

Query construction by API:

    <?php

        $term  = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word1');
        $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Term($term);
        $hits  = $index->find($query);

    ?>

### 15.4.2. Multi-Term Query

Multi term queries are intended for a searching for a set of terms.

Each term in a set can be defined as required, prohibited, or neither.

- required means that documents not matching this term will not match the query;

- prohibited means that documents matching this term will not match the query;

- neither, in which case matched documents are neither prohibited from, nor required to, match the term. A document must match at least 1 term, however, to match the query.

If optional terms are added to a query with required terms, then they will have the same result set, but a second query will have hits, which match optional terms and are moved to the top of the result set.

Both search methods can be used for multi term queries.

Query string:

    <?php

    $hits = $index->find('+word1 author:word2 -word3');

    ?>

- '+' is used to define a required term.
- '-' is used to define a prohibited term.
- 'field:' prefix is used to indicate a document field for a search. If it's omitted, then 'contents' is used.

or

Query construction by API:

    <?php

        $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_MultiTerm();

        $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word1'), true);
        $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word2'), null);
        $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word3'), false);

        $hits  = $index->find($query);

    ?>

The `$signs` array contains information about the term type:

- `true` is used to define required term.
- `false` is used to define prohibited term.
- `null` is used to define a term that is neither required nor prohibited.

### 15.4.3. Phrase Query

Phrase Queries are intended for searching for a phrase.

Phrase Queries are very flexible and allow to search exact phrases as well as sloppy phrases.

Phrases can also contain gaps or terms in the same places. They can be generated by Analyzer for different purposes. For example, a term can be duplicated to increase the term weight, or several synonyms can be placed into one position. Accordingly, phrase queries can be constructed only by the query API:

    <?php
    $query1 = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase();

    // Add 'word1' at 0 relative position.
    $query1->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word1'));

    // Add 'word2' at 1 relative position.
    $query1->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word2'));

    // Add 'word3' at 3 relative position.
    $query1->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('word3'), 3);

    ...

    $query2 = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(
                    array('word1', 'word2', 'word3'), array(0,1,3));

    ...

    // Query without a gap.
    $query3 = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(
                    array('word1', 'word2', 'word3'));

    ...

    $query4 = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(
                    array('word1', 'word2'), array(0,1), 'annotation');

    ?>

A phrase query can be constructed in one step with a class constructor or step by step with a `Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase::addTerm()` method call.

Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase class constructor takes three optional arguments:

    Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase([array $terms[, array $offsets[, string $field]]]);

`$terms` is an array of strings that contains a set of phrase terms. If it's omitted or equal to null, then an empty query is constructed.

`$offsets` is an array of integers that contains offsets of terms in a phrase. If it's omitted or equal to null, then the terms' positions are supposed to be `array(0, 1, 2, 3, ...)`.

`$field` is a string that indicates the searched document field. If it's omitted or equal to null, then the default field is searched. This version of Zend_Search_Lucene treats the 'contents' field as a default, but it's planned to change this behavior to "any field" in upcoming versions.

Thus:

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(array('zend', 'framework'));

will search for the phrase 'zend framework'.

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(array('zend', 'download'), array(0, 2));

will search for the phrase 'zend ????? download' and match 'zend platform download', 'zend studio download', 'zend core download', 'zend framework download', and so on.

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(array('zend', 'framework'), null, 'title');

will search for the phrase 'zend framework' in a 'title' field.

`Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase::addTerm()` takes two arguments, a required `Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term` object and an optional position:

    Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase::addTerm(Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term $term[, integer $position]);

`$term` describes the next term in a phrase. It must indicate the same field as previous terms, or an exception will be thrown.

`$position` indicates the term position.

Thus:

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase();
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('zend'));
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('framework'));

will search for the phrase 'zend framework'.

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase();
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('zend'), 0);
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('framework'), 2);

will search for the phrase 'zend ????? download' and match 'zend platform download', 'zend studio download', 'zend core download', 'zend framework download', and so on.

    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase();
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('zend', 'title'));
    $query->addTerm(new Zend_Search_Lucene_Index_Term('framework', 'title'));

will search for the phrase 'zend framework' in a 'title' field.

The slop factor sets the number of other words permitted between words in query phrase. If zero, then this is an exact phrase search. For larger values this works like a WITHIN or NEAR operator.

The slop is in fact an edit-distance, where the units correspond to moves of terms in the query phrase out of position. For example, to switch the order of two words requires two moves (the first move places the words atop one another), so to permit re-orderings of phrases, the slop must be at least two.

More exact matches are scored higher than sloppier matches; thus, search results are sorted by exactness. The slop is zero by default, requiring exact matches.

The slop factor can be assigned after query creation:

    <?php

    // Query without a gap.
    $query = new Zend_Search_Lucene_Search_Query_Phrase(array('word1', 'word2'));

    // Search for 'word1 word2', 'word1 ... word2'
    $query->setSlop(1);
    $hits1 = $index->find($query);

    // Search for 'word1 word2', 'word1 ... word2',
    // 'word1 ... ... word2', 'word2 word1'
    $query->setSlop(2);
    $hits2 = $index->find($query);

    ?>

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