Python: built-in module __builtin__

__builtin__ | index (built-in)

`Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.
Noteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.`

Classes
`` |  | object basestring str unicode buffer classmethod complex dict enumerate file file float frozenset int bool list long property reversed set slice staticmethod super tuple type xrange
class basestring(object)
`` | `Type basestring cannot be instantiated; it is the base for str and unicode.`
| Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class bool(int)
`` | `bool(x) -> bool Returns True when the argument x is true, False otherwise. The builtins True and False are the only two instances of the class bool. The class bool is a subclass of the class int, and cannot be subclassed.`
| Method resolution order: bool int object Methods defined here: __and__(...) `x.__and__(y) <==> x&y` __or__(...) `x.__or__(y) <==> x|y` __rand__(...) `x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __ror__(...) `x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x` __rxor__(...) `x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` __xor__(...) `x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` Methods inherited from int: __abs__(...) `x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)` __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __coerce__(...) `x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)` __div__(...) `x.__div__(y) <==> x/y` __divmod__(...) `x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)` __float__(...) `x.__float__() <==> float(x)` __floordiv__(...) `x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getnewargs__(...) __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __hex__(...) `x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)` __int__(...) `x.__int__() <==> int(x)` __invert__(...) `x.__invert__() <==> ~x` __long__(...) `x.__long__() <==> long(x)` __lshift__(...) `x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y` __neg__(...) `x.__neg__() <==> -x` __nonzero__(...) `x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0` __oct__(...) `x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)` __pos__(...) `x.__pos__() <==> +x` __pow__(...) `x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __radd__(...) `x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x` __rdiv__(...) `x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x` __rdivmod__(...) `x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)` __rfloordiv__(...) `x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x` __rlshift__(...) `x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x` __rpow__(...) `y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __rrshift__(...) `x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x` __rshift__(...) `x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rtruediv__(...) `x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __truediv__(...) `x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y`
class buffer(object)
`` | `buffer(object [, offset[, size]]) Create a new buffer object which references the given object. The buffer will reference a slice of the target object from the start of the object (or at the specified offset). The slice will extend to the end of the target object (or with the specified size).`
| Methods defined here: __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __delitem__(...) `x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]` __delslice__(...) `x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __getslice__(...) `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x` __setitem__(...) `x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y` __setslice__(...) `x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y Use of negative indices is not supported.` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class classmethod(object)
`` | `classmethod(function) -> method Convert a function to be a class method. A class method receives the class as implicit first argument, just like an instance method receives the instance. To declare a class method, use this idiom: class C: def f(cls, arg1, arg2, ...): ... f = classmethod(f) It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class. If a class method is called for a derived class, the derived class object is passed as the implied first argument. Class methods are different than C++ or Java static methods. If you want those, see the staticmethod builtin.`
| Methods defined here: __get__(...) `descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class complex(object)
`` | `complex(real[, imag]) -> complex number Create a complex number from a real part and an optional imaginary part. This is equivalent to (real + imag*1j) where imag defaults to 0.`
| Methods defined here: __abs__(...) `x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)` __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __coerce__(...) `x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)` __div__(...) `x.__div__(y) <==> x/y` __divmod__(...) `x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __float__(...) `x.__float__() <==> float(x)` __floordiv__(...) `x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getnewargs__(...) __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __int__(...) `x.__int__() <==> int(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __long__(...) `x.__long__() <==> long(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __neg__(...) `x.__neg__() <==> -x` __nonzero__(...) `x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0` __pos__(...) `x.__pos__() <==> +x` __pow__(...) `x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __radd__(...) `x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x` __rdiv__(...) `x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x` __rdivmod__(...) `x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rfloordiv__(...) `x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x` __rpow__(...) `y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rtruediv__(...) `x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __truediv__(...) `x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y` conjugate(...) Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` imag = <member 'imag' of 'complex' objects> `the imaginary part of a complex number` real = <member 'real' of 'complex' objects> `the real part of a complex number`
class dict(object)
`` | `dict() -> new empty dictionary. dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object's (key, value) pairs. dict(seq) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: d = {} for k, v in seq: d[k] = v dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2)`
| Methods defined here: __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __contains__(...) `D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False` __delitem__(...) `x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __setitem__(...) `x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y` clear(...) `D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D.` copy(...) `D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D` get(...) `D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None.` has_key(...) `D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False` items(...) `D.items() -> list of D's (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples` iteritems(...) `D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D` iterkeys(...) `D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D` itervalues(...) `D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D` keys(...) `D.keys() -> list of D's keys` pop(...) `D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised` popitem(...) `D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty` setdefault(...) `D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D` update(...) `D.update(E, **F) -> None. Update D from E and F: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] (if E has keys else: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v) then: for k in F: D[k] = F[k]` values(...) `D.values() -> list of D's values` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` fromkeys = <built-in method fromkeys of type object> `dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. v defaults to None.`
class enumerate(object)
`` | `enumerate(iterable) -> iterator for index, value of iterable Return an enumerate object. iterable must be an other object that supports iteration. The enumerate object yields pairs containing a count (from zero) and a value yielded by the iterable argument. enumerate is useful for obtaining an indexed list: (0, seq[0]), (1, seq[1]), (2, seq[2]), ...`
| Methods defined here: __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` next(...) `x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class file(object)
`` | `file(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default), writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when opened for writing. Add a 'b' to the mode for binary files. Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous reading and writing. If the buffering argument is given, 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size. Add a 'U' to mode to open the file for input with universal newline support. Any line ending in the input file will be seen as a '\n' in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute 'newlines'; the value for this attribute is one of None (no newline read yet), '\r', '\n', '\r\n' or a tuple containing all the newline types seen. 'U' cannot be combined with 'w' or '+' mode. Note: open() is an alias for file().`
| Methods defined here: __delattr__(...) `x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __setattr__(...) `x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value` close(...) `close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) may return an exit status upon closing.` fileno(...) `fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().` flush(...) `flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer.` isatty(...) `isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device.` next(...) `x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration` read(...) `read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.` readinto(...) `readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away.` readline(...) `readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF.` readlines(...) `readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned.` seek(...) `seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined behavior. Note that not all file objects are seekable.` tell(...) `tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer).` truncate(...) `truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().` write(...) `write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written.` writelines(...) `writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.` xreadlines(...) `xreadlines() -> returns self. For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` closed = <attribute 'closed' of 'file' objects> `True if the file is closed` encoding = <member 'encoding' of 'file' objects> `file encoding` mode = <member 'mode' of 'file' objects> `file mode ('r', 'U', 'w', 'a', possibly with 'b' or '+' added)` name = <member 'name' of 'file' objects> `file name` newlines = <attribute 'newlines' of 'file' objects> `end-of-line convention used in this file` softspace = <member 'softspace' of 'file' objects> `flag indicating that a space needs to be printed; used by print`
class float(object)
`` | `float(x) -> floating point number Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible.`
| Methods defined here: __abs__(...) `x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)` __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __coerce__(...) `x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)` __div__(...) `x.__div__(y) <==> x/y` __divmod__(...) `x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __float__(...) `x.__float__() <==> float(x)` __floordiv__(...) `x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getnewargs__(...) __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __int__(...) `x.__int__() <==> int(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __long__(...) `x.__long__() <==> long(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __neg__(...) `x.__neg__() <==> -x` __nonzero__(...) `x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0` __pos__(...) `x.__pos__() <==> +x` __pow__(...) `x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __radd__(...) `x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x` __rdiv__(...) `x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x` __rdivmod__(...) `x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rfloordiv__(...) `x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x` __rpow__(...) `y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rtruediv__(...) `x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __truediv__(...) `x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class frozenset(object)
`` | `frozenset(iterable) --> frozenset object Build an immutable unordered collection.`
| Methods defined here: __and__(...) `x.__and__(y) <==> x&y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __or__(...) `x.__or__(y) <==> x|y` __rand__(...) `x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x` __reduce__(...) `Return state information for pickling.` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __ror__(...) `x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rxor__(...) `x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __xor__(...) `x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y` copy(...) `Return a shallow copy of a set.` difference(...) `Return the difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the other.)` intersection(...) `Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)` issubset(...) `Report whether another set contains this set.` issuperset(...) `Report whether this set contains another set.` symmetric_difference(...) `Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)` union(...) `Return the union of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class int(object)
`` | `int(x[, base]) -> integer Convert a string or number to an integer, if possible. A floating point argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a string representation of a floating point number!) When converting a string, use the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when converting a non-string. If the argument is outside the integer range a long object will be returned instead.`
| Methods defined here: __abs__(...) `x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)` __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __and__(...) `x.__and__(y) <==> x&y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __coerce__(...) `x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)` __div__(...) `x.__div__(y) <==> x/y` __divmod__(...) `x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)` __float__(...) `x.__float__() <==> float(x)` __floordiv__(...) `x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getnewargs__(...) __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __hex__(...) `x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)` __int__(...) `x.__int__() <==> int(x)` __invert__(...) `x.__invert__() <==> ~x` __long__(...) `x.__long__() <==> long(x)` __lshift__(...) `x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y` __neg__(...) `x.__neg__() <==> -x` __nonzero__(...) `x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0` __oct__(...) `x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)` __or__(...) `x.__or__(y) <==> x|y` __pos__(...) `x.__pos__() <==> +x` __pow__(...) `x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __radd__(...) `x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x` __rand__(...) `x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x` __rdiv__(...) `x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x` __rdivmod__(...) `x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rfloordiv__(...) `x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x` __rlshift__(...) `x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x` __ror__(...) `x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x` __rpow__(...) `y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __rrshift__(...) `x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x` __rshift__(...) `x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rtruediv__(...) `x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x` __rxor__(...) `x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __truediv__(...) `x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y` __xor__(...) `x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class list(object)
`` | `list() -> new list list(sequence) -> new list initialized from sequence's items`
| Methods defined here: __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x` __delitem__(...) `x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y]` __delslice__(...) `x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __getslice__(...) `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __iadd__(...) `x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y` __imul__(...) `x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __reversed__(...) `L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x` __setitem__(...) `x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y` __setslice__(...) `x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y Use of negative indices is not supported.` append(...) `L.append(object) -- append object to end` count(...) `L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value` extend(...) `L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable` index(...) `L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value` insert(...) `L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index` pop(...) `L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last)` remove(...) `L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value` reverse(...) `L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE*` sort(...) `L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*; cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class long(object)
`` | `long(x[, base]) -> integer Convert a string or number to a long integer, if possible. A floating point argument will be truncated towards zero (this does not include a string representation of a floating point number!) When converting a string, use the optional base. It is an error to supply a base when converting a non-string.`
| Methods defined here: __abs__(...) `x.__abs__() <==> abs(x)` __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __and__(...) `x.__and__(y) <==> x&y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __coerce__(...) `x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y)` __div__(...) `x.__div__(y) <==> x/y` __divmod__(...) `x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y)` __float__(...) `x.__float__() <==> float(x)` __floordiv__(...) `x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getnewargs__(...) __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __hex__(...) `x.__hex__() <==> hex(x)` __int__(...) `x.__int__() <==> int(x)` __invert__(...) `x.__invert__() <==> ~x` __long__(...) `x.__long__() <==> long(x)` __lshift__(...) `x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y` __neg__(...) `x.__neg__() <==> -x` __nonzero__(...) `x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0` __oct__(...) `x.__oct__() <==> oct(x)` __or__(...) `x.__or__(y) <==> x|y` __pos__(...) `x.__pos__() <==> +x` __pow__(...) `x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __radd__(...) `x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x` __rand__(...) `x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x` __rdiv__(...) `x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x` __rdivmod__(...) `x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rfloordiv__(...) `x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x` __rlshift__(...) `x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x` __ror__(...) `x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x` __rpow__(...) `y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z])` __rrshift__(...) `x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x` __rshift__(...) `x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rtruediv__(...) `x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x` __rxor__(...) `x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __truediv__(...) `x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y` __xor__(...) `x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class object
`` | `The most base type`
open = class file(object)
`` | `file(name[, mode[, buffering]]) -> file object Open a file. The mode can be 'r', 'w' or 'a' for reading (default), writing or appending. The file will be created if it doesn't exist when opened for writing or appending; it will be truncated when opened for writing. Add a 'b' to the mode for binary files. Add a '+' to the mode to allow simultaneous reading and writing. If the buffering argument is given, 0 means unbuffered, 1 means line buffered, and larger numbers specify the buffer size. Add a 'U' to mode to open the file for input with universal newline support. Any line ending in the input file will be seen as a '\n' in Python. Also, a file so opened gains the attribute 'newlines'; the value for this attribute is one of None (no newline read yet), '\r', '\n', '\r\n' or a tuple containing all the newline types seen. 'U' cannot be combined with 'w' or '+' mode. Note: open() is an alias for file().`
| Methods defined here: __delattr__(...) `x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __setattr__(...) `x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value` close(...) `close() -> None or (perhaps) an integer. Close the file. Sets data attribute .closed to True. A closed file cannot be used for further I/O operations. close() may be called more than once without error. Some kinds of file objects (for example, opened by popen()) may return an exit status upon closing.` fileno(...) `fileno() -> integer "file descriptor". This is needed for lower-level file interfaces, such os.read().` flush(...) `flush() -> None. Flush the internal I/O buffer.` isatty(...) `isatty() -> true or false. True if the file is connected to a tty device.` next(...) `x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration` read(...) `read([size]) -> read at most size bytes, returned as a string. If the size argument is negative or omitted, read until EOF is reached. Notice that when in non-blocking mode, less data than what was requested may be returned, even if no size parameter was given.` readinto(...) `readinto() -> Undocumented. Don't use this; it may go away.` readline(...) `readline([size]) -> next line from the file, as a string. Retain newline. A non-negative size argument limits the maximum number of bytes to return (an incomplete line may be returned then). Return an empty string at EOF.` readlines(...) `readlines([size]) -> list of strings, each a line from the file. Call readline() repeatedly and return a list of the lines so read. The optional size argument, if given, is an approximate bound on the total number of bytes in the lines returned.` seek(...) `seek(offset[, whence]) -> None. Move to new file position. Argument offset is a byte count. Optional argument whence defaults to 0 (offset from start of file, offset should be >= 0); other values are 1 (move relative to current position, positive or negative), and 2 (move relative to end of file, usually negative, although many platforms allow seeking beyond the end of a file). If the file is opened in text mode, only offsets returned by tell() are legal. Use of other offsets causes undefined behavior. Note that not all file objects are seekable.` tell(...) `tell() -> current file position, an integer (may be a long integer).` truncate(...) `truncate([size]) -> None. Truncate the file to at most size bytes. Size defaults to the current file position, as returned by tell().` write(...) `write(str) -> None. Write string str to file. Note that due to buffering, flush() or close() may be needed before the file on disk reflects the data written.` writelines(...) `writelines(sequence_of_strings) -> None. Write the strings to the file. Note that newlines are not added. The sequence can be any iterable object producing strings. This is equivalent to calling write() for each string.` xreadlines(...) `xreadlines() -> returns self. For backward compatibility. File objects now include the performance optimizations previously implemented in the xreadlines module.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` closed = <attribute 'closed' of 'file' objects> `True if the file is closed` encoding = <member 'encoding' of 'file' objects> `file encoding` mode = <member 'mode' of 'file' objects> `file mode ('r', 'U', 'w', 'a', possibly with 'b' or '+' added)` name = <member 'name' of 'file' objects> `file name` newlines = <attribute 'newlines' of 'file' objects> `end-of-line convention used in this file` softspace = <member 'softspace' of 'file' objects> `flag indicating that a space needs to be printed; used by print`
class property(object)
`` | `property(fget=None, fset=None, fdel=None, doc=None) -> property attribute fget is a function to be used for getting an attribute value, and likewise fset is a function for setting, and fdel a function for del'ing, an attribute. Typical use is to define a managed attribute x: class C(object): def getx(self): return self.__x def setx(self, value): self.__x = value def delx(self): del self.__x x = property(getx, setx, delx, "I'm the 'x' property.")`
| Methods defined here: __delete__(...) `descr.__delete__(obj)` __get__(...) `descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __set__(...) `descr.__set__(obj, value)` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` fdel = <member 'fdel' of 'property' objects> fget = <member 'fget' of 'property' objects> fset = <member 'fset' of 'property' objects>
class reversed(object)
`` | `reversed(sequence) -> reverse iterator over values of the sequence Return a reverse iterator`
| Methods defined here: __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` next(...) `x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class set(object)
`` | `set(iterable) --> set object Build an unordered collection.`
| Methods defined here: __and__(...) `x.__and__(y) <==> x&y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x.` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __iand__(...) `x.__iand__(y) <==> x&y` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __ior__(...) `x.__ior__(y) <==> x|y` __isub__(...) `x.__isub__(y) <==> x-y` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __ixor__(...) `x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^y` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __or__(...) `x.__or__(y) <==> x|y` __rand__(...) `x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x` __reduce__(...) `Return state information for pickling.` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __ror__(...) `x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x` __rsub__(...) `x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x` __rxor__(...) `x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x` __sub__(...) `x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y` __xor__(...) `x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y` add(...) `Add an element to a set. This has no effect if the element is already present.` clear(...) `Remove all elements from this set.` copy(...) `Return a shallow copy of a set.` difference(...) `Return the difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the other.)` difference_update(...) `Remove all elements of another set from this set.` discard(...) `Remove an element from a set if it is a member. If the element is not a member, do nothing.` intersection(...) `Return the intersection of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)` intersection_update(...) `Update a set with the intersection of itself and another.` issubset(...) `Report whether another set contains this set.` issuperset(...) `Report whether this set contains another set.` pop(...) `Remove and return an arbitrary set element.` remove(...) `Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.` symmetric_difference(...) `Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)` symmetric_difference_update(...) `Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another.` union(...) `Return the union of two sets as a new set. (i.e. all elements that are in either set.)` update(...) `Update a set with the union of itself and another.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class slice(object)
`` | `slice([start,] stop[, step]) Create a slice object. This is used for extended slicing (e.g. a[0:10:2]).`
| Methods defined here: __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` indices(...) `S.indices(len) -> (start, stop, stride) Assuming a sequence of length len, calculate the start and stop indices, and the stride length of the extended slice described by S. Out of bounds indices are clipped in a manner consistent with the handling of normal slices.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` start = <member 'start' of 'slice' objects> step = <member 'step' of 'slice' objects> stop = <member 'stop' of 'slice' objects>
class staticmethod(object)
`` | `staticmethod(function) -> method Convert a function to be a static method. A static method does not receive an implicit first argument. To declare a static method, use this idiom: class C: def f(arg1, arg2, ...): ... f = staticmethod(f) It can be called either on the class (e.g. C.f()) or on an instance (e.g. C().f()). The instance is ignored except for its class. Static methods in Python are similar to those found in Java or C++. For a more advanced concept, see the classmethod builtin.`
| Methods defined here: __get__(...) `descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class str(basestring)
`` | `str(object) -> string Return a nice string representation of the object. If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object.`
| Method resolution order: str basestring object Methods defined here: __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __getnewargs__(...) __getslice__(...) `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` capitalize(...) `S.capitalize() -> string Return a copy of the string S with only its first character capitalized.` center(...) `S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space)` count(...) `S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.` decode(...) `S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.` encode(...) `S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.` endswith(...) `S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.` expandtabs(...) `S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.` find(...) `S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.` index(...) `S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.` isalnum(...) `S.isalnum() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` isalpha(...) `S.isalpha() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` isdigit(...) `S.isdigit() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are digits and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` islower(...) `S.islower() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.` isspace(...) `S.isspace() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are whitespace and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` istitle(...) `S.istitle() -> bool Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False otherwise.` isupper(...) `S.isupper() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.` join(...) `S.join(sequence) -> string Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the sequence. The separator between elements is S.` ljust(...) `S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S left justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).` lower(...) `S.lower() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.` lstrip(...) `S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping` replace(...) `S.replace (old, new[, count]) -> string Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is given, only the first count occurrences are replaced.` rfind(...) `S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.` rindex(...) `S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.` rjust(...) `S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string Return S right justified in a string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space)` rsplit(...) `S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.` rstrip(...) `S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping` split(...) `S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.` splitlines(...) `S.splitlines([keepends]) -> list of strings Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true.` startswith(...) `S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.` strip(...) `S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping` swapcase(...) `S.swapcase() -> string Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.` title(...) `S.title() -> string Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase.` translate(...) `S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the remaining characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a string of length 256.` upper(...) `S.upper() -> string Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase.` zfill(...) `S.zfill(width) -> string Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the specified width. The string S is never truncated.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class super(object)
`` | `super(type) -> unbound super object super(type, obj) -> bound super object; requires isinstance(obj, type) super(type, type2) -> bound super object; requires issubclass(type2, type) Typical use to call a cooperative superclass method: class C(B): def meth(self, arg): super(C, self).meth(arg)`
| Methods defined here: __get__(...) `descr.__get__(obj[, type]) -> value` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __init__(...) `x.__init__(...) initializes x; see x.__class__.__doc__ for signature` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` __self__ = <member '__self__' of 'super' objects> `the instance invoking super(); may be None` __self_class__ = <member '__self_class__' of 'super' objects> `the type of the instance invoking super(); may be None` __thisclass__ = <member '__thisclass__' of 'super' objects> `the class invoking super()`
class tuple(object)
`` | `tuple() -> an empty tuple tuple(sequence) -> tuple initialized from sequence's items If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object.`
| Methods defined here: __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x` __eq__(...) `x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y` __ge__(...) `x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __getnewargs__(...) __getslice__(...) `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __gt__(...) `x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __le__(...) `x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __lt__(...) `x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n` __ne__(...) `x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class type(object)
`` | `type(object) -> the object's type type(name, bases, dict) -> a new type`
| Methods defined here: __call__(...) `x.__call__(...) <==> x(...)` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __delattr__(...) `x.__delattr__('name') <==> del x.name` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __setattr__(...) `x.__setattr__('name', value) <==> x.name = value` __subclasses__(...) `__subclasses__() -> list of immediate subclasses` mro(...) `mro() -> list return a type's method resolution order` Data and other attributes defined here: __base__ = <type 'object'> __bases__ = (<type 'object'>,) __basicsize__ = 832 __dict__ = <dictproxy object> __dictoffset__ = 256 __flags__ = 21995 __itemsize__ = 32 __mro__ = (<type 'type'>, <type 'object'>) __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T` __weakrefoffset__ = 360
class unicode(basestring)
`` | `unicode(string [, encoding[, errors]]) -> object Create a new Unicode object from the given encoded string. encoding defaults to the current default string encoding. errors can be 'strict', 'replace' or 'ignore' and defaults to 'strict'.`
| Method resolution order: unicode basestring object Methods defined here: __add__(...) `x.__add__(y) <==> x+y` __cmp__(...) `x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y)` __contains__(...) `x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x` __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __getnewargs__(...) __getslice__(...) `x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] Use of negative indices is not supported.` __hash__(...) `x.__hash__() <==> hash(x)` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __mod__(...) `x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y` __mul__(...) `x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __rmod__(...) `x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x` __rmul__(...) `x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x` __str__(...) `x.__str__() <==> str(x)` capitalize(...) `S.capitalize() -> unicode Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character have upper case.` center(...) `S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode Return S centered in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space)` count(...) `S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int Return the number of occurrences of substring sub in Unicode string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation.` decode(...) `S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore' and 'replace' as well as any other name registerd with codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors.` encode(...) `S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> string or unicode Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error handling scheme. Default is 'strict' meaning that encoding errors raise a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are 'ignore', 'replace' and 'xmlcharrefreplace' as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that can handle UnicodeEncodeErrors.` endswith(...) `S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.` expandtabs(...) `S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> unicode Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed.` find(...) `S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.` index(...) `S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.` isalnum(...) `S.isalnum() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` isalpha(...) `S.isalpha() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` isdecimal(...) `S.isdecimal() -> bool Return True if there are only decimal characters in S, False otherwise.` isdigit(...) `S.isdigit() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are digits and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` islower(...) `S.islower() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.` isnumeric(...) `S.isnumeric() -> bool Return True if there are only numeric characters in S, False otherwise.` isspace(...) `S.isspace() -> bool Return True if all characters in S are whitespace and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise.` istitle(...) `S.istitle() -> bool Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one character in S, i.e. upper- and titlecase characters may only follow uncased characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False otherwise.` isupper(...) `S.isupper() -> bool Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is at least one cased character in S, False otherwise.` join(...) `S.join(sequence) -> unicode Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the sequence. The separator between elements is S.` ljust(...) `S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> int Return S left justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).` lower(...) `S.lower() -> unicode Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase.` lstrip(...) `S.lstrip([chars]) -> unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping` replace(...) `S.replace (old, new[, maxsplit]) -> unicode Return a copy of S with all occurrences of substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument maxsplit is given, only the first maxsplit occurrences are replaced.` rfind(...) `S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, such that sub is contained within s[start,end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. Return -1 on failure.` rindex(...) `S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found.` rjust(...) `S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> unicode Return S right justified in a Unicode string of length width. Padding is done using the specified fill character (default is a space).` rsplit(...) `S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified, any whitespace string is a separator.` rstrip(...) `S.rstrip([chars]) -> unicode Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping` split(...) `S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the words in S, using sep as the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string is a separator.` splitlines(...) `S.splitlines([keepends]]) -> list of strings Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends is given and true.` startswith(...) `S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. With optional start, test S beginning at that position. With optional end, stop comparing S at that position.` strip(...) `S.strip([chars]) -> unicode Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing whitespace removed. If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. If chars is a str, it will be converted to unicode before stripping` swapcase(...) `S.swapcase() -> unicode Return a copy of S with uppercase characters converted to lowercase and vice versa.` title(...) `S.title() -> unicode Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with title case characters, all remaining cased characters have lower case.` translate(...) `S.translate(table) -> unicode Return a copy of the string S, where all characters have been mapped through the given translation table, which must be a mapping of Unicode ordinals to Unicode ordinals, Unicode strings or None. Unmapped characters are left untouched. Characters mapped to None are deleted.` upper(...) `S.upper() -> unicode Return a copy of S converted to uppercase.` zfill(...) `S.zfill(width) -> unicode Pad a numeric string x with zeros on the left, to fill a field of the specified width. The string x is never truncated.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`
class xrange(object)
`` | `xrange([start,] stop[, step]) -> xrange object Like range(), but instead of returning a list, returns an object that generates the numbers in the range on demand. For looping, this is slightly faster than range() and more memory efficient.`
| Methods defined here: __getattribute__(...) `x.__getattribute__('name') <==> x.name` __getitem__(...) `x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y]` __iter__(...) `x.__iter__() <==> iter(x)` __len__(...) `x.__len__() <==> len(x)` __repr__(...) `x.__repr__() <==> repr(x)` __reversed__(...) `Returns a reverse iterator.` Data and other attributes defined here: __new__ = <built-in method __new__ of type object> `T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T`

Functions
`` |  | __import__(...) `__import__(name, globals, locals, fromlist) -> module Import a module. The globals are only used to determine the context; they are not modified. The locals are currently unused. The fromlist should be a list of names to emulate ``from name import ...'', or an empty list to emulate ``import name''. When importing a module from a package, note that __import__('A.B', ...) returns package A when fromlist is empty, but its submodule B when fromlist is not empty.` abs(...) `abs(number) -> number Return the absolute value of the argument.` apply(...) `apply(object[, args[, kwargs]]) -> value Call a callable object with positional arguments taken from the tuple args, and keyword arguments taken from the optional dictionary kwargs. Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method. Deprecated since release 2.3. Instead, use the extended call syntax: function(*args, **keywords).` callable(...) `callable(object) -> bool Return whether the object is callable (i.e., some kind of function). Note that classes are callable, as are instances with a __call__() method.` chr(...) `chr(i) -> character Return a string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i < 256.` cmp(...) `cmp(x, y) -> integer Return negative if x<y, zero if x==y, positive if x>y.` coerce(...) `coerce(x, y) -> (x1, y1) Return a tuple consisting of the two numeric arguments converted to a common type, using the same rules as used by arithmetic operations. If coercion is not possible, raise TypeError.` compile(...) `compile(source, filename, mode[, flags[, dont_inherit]]) -> code object Compile the source string (a Python module, statement or expression) into a code object that can be executed by the exec statement or eval(). The filename will be used for run-time error messages. The mode must be 'exec' to compile a module, 'single' to compile a single (interactive) statement, or 'eval' to compile an expression. The flags argument, if present, controls which future statements influence the compilation of the code. The dont_inherit argument, if non-zero, stops the compilation inheriting the effects of any future statements in effect in the code calling compile; if absent or zero these statements do influence the compilation, in addition to any features explicitly specified.` delattr(...) `delattr(object, name) Delete a named attribute on an object; delattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to ``del x.y''.` dir(...) `dir([object]) -> list of strings Return an alphabetized list of names comprising (some of) the attributes of the given object, and of attributes reachable from it: No argument: the names in the current scope. Module object: the module attributes. Type or class object: its attributes, and recursively the attributes of its bases. Otherwise: its attributes, its class's attributes, and recursively the attributes of its class's base classes.` divmod(...) `divmod(x, y) -> (div, mod) Return the tuple ((x-x%y)/y, x%y). Invariant: div*y + mod == x.` eval(...) `eval(source[, globals[, locals]]) -> value Evaluate the source in the context of globals and locals. The source may be a string representing a Python expression or a code object as returned by compile(). The globals must be a dictionary and locals can be any mappping, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.` execfile(...) `execfile(filename[, globals[, locals]]) Read and execute a Python script from a file. The globals and locals are dictionaries, defaulting to the current globals and locals. If only globals is given, locals defaults to it.` filter(...) `filter(function or None, sequence) -> list, tuple, or string Return those items of sequence for which function(item) is true. If function is None, return the items that are true. If sequence is a tuple or string, return the same type, else return a list.` getattr(...) `getattr(object, name[, default]) -> value Get a named attribute from an object; getattr(x, 'y') is equivalent to x.y. When a default argument is given, it is returned when the attribute doesn't exist; without it, an exception is raised in that case.` globals(...) `globals() -> dictionary Return the dictionary containing the current scope's global variables.` hasattr(...) `hasattr(object, name) -> bool Return whether the object has an attribute with the given name. (This is done by calling getattr(object, name) and catching exceptions.)` hash(...) `hash(object) -> integer Return a hash value for the object. Two objects with the same value have the same hash value. The reverse is not necessarily true, but likely.` hex(...) `hex(number) -> string Return the hexadecimal representation of an integer or long integer.` id(...) `id(object) -> integer Return the identity of an object. This is guaranteed to be unique among simultaneously existing objects. (Hint: it's the object's memory address.)` input(...) `input([prompt]) -> value Equivalent to eval(raw_input(prompt)).` intern(...) `intern(string) -> string ``Intern'' the given string. This enters the string in the (global) table of interned strings whose purpose is to speed up dictionary lookups. Return the string itself or the previously interned string object with the same value.` isinstance(...) `isinstance(object, class-or-type-or-tuple) -> bool Return whether an object is an instance of a class or of a subclass thereof. With a type as second argument, return whether that is the object's type. The form using a tuple, isinstance(x, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for isinstance(x, A) or isinstance(x, B) or ... (etc.).` issubclass(...) `issubclass(C, B) -> bool Return whether class C is a subclass (i.e., a derived class) of class B. When using a tuple as the second argument issubclass(X, (A, B, ...)), is a shortcut for issubclass(X, A) or issubclass(X, B) or ... (etc.).` iter(...) `iter(collection) -> iterator iter(callable, sentinel) -> iterator Get an iterator from an object. In the first form, the argument must supply its own iterator, or be a sequence. In the second form, the callable is called until it returns the sentinel.` len(...) `len(object) -> integer Return the number of items of a sequence or mapping.` locals(...) `locals() -> dictionary Update and return a dictionary containing the current scope's local variables.` map(...) `map(function, sequence[, sequence, ...]) -> list Return a list of the results of applying the function to the items of the argument sequence(s). If more than one sequence is given, the function is called with an argument list consisting of the corresponding item of each sequence, substituting None for missing values when not all sequences have the same length. If the function is None, return a list of the items of the sequence (or a list of tuples if more than one sequence).` max(...) `max(sequence) -> value max(a, b, c, ...) -> value With a single sequence argument, return its largest item. With two or more arguments, return the largest argument.` min(...) `min(sequence) -> value min(a, b, c, ...) -> value With a single sequence argument, return its smallest item. With two or more arguments, return the smallest argument.` oct(...) `oct(number) -> string Return the octal representation of an integer or long integer.` ord(...) `ord(c) -> integer Return the integer ordinal of a one-character string.` pow(...) `pow(x, y[, z]) -> number With two arguments, equivalent to x**y. With three arguments, equivalent to (x**y) % z, but may be more efficient (e.g. for longs).` range(...) `range([start,] stop[, step]) -> list of integers Return a list containing an arithmetic progression of integers. range(i, j) returns [i, i+1, i+2, ..., j-1]; start (!) defaults to 0. When step is given, it specifies the increment (or decrement). For example, range(4) returns [0, 1, 2, 3]. The end point is omitted! These are exactly the valid indices for a list of 4 elements.` raw_input(...) `raw_input([prompt]) -> string Read a string from standard input. The trailing newline is stripped. If the user hits EOF (Unix: Ctl-D, Windows: Ctl-Z+Return), raise EOFError. On Unix, GNU readline is used if enabled. The prompt string, if given, is printed without a trailing newline before reading.` reduce(...) `reduce(function, sequence[, initial]) -> value Apply a function of two arguments cumulatively to the items of a sequence, from left to right, so as to reduce the sequence to a single value. For example, reduce(lambda x, y: x+y, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) calculates ((((1+2)+3)+4)+5). If initial is present, it is placed before the items of the sequence in the calculation, and serves as a default when the sequence is empty.` reload(...) `reload(module) -> module Reload the module. The module must have been successfully imported before.` repr(...) `repr(object) -> string Return the canonical string representation of the object. For most object types, eval(repr(object)) == object.` round(...) `round(number[, ndigits]) -> floating point number Round a number to a given precision in decimal digits (default 0 digits). This always returns a floating point number. Precision may be negative.` setattr(...) `setattr(object, name, value) Set a named attribute on an object; setattr(x, 'y', v) is equivalent to ``x.y = v''.` sorted(...) `sorted(iterable, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) --> new sorted list` unichr(...) `unichr(i) -> Unicode character Return a Unicode string of one character with ordinal i; 0 <= i <= 0x10ffff.` vars(...) `vars([object]) -> dictionary Without arguments, equivalent to locals(). With an argument, equivalent to object.__dict__.` zip(...) `zip(seq1 [, seq2 [...]]) -> [(seq1[0], seq2[0] ...), (...)] Return a list of tuples, where each tuple contains the i-th element from each of the argument sequences. The returned list is truncated in length to the length of the shortest argument sequence.`

Data
`` |  | Ellipsis = Ellipsis False = False None = None NotImplemented = NotImplemented True = True __debug__ = True copyright = Copyright (c) 2001-2005 Python Software Foundati...ematisch Centrum, Amsterdam. All Rights Reserved. credits = Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corpor...opment. See www.python.org for more information. exit = 'Use Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit.' help = Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object. license = Type license() to see the full license text quit = 'Use Ctrl-D (i.e. EOF) to exit.'