### TAO IDL Compiler User's Guide

### Scope

This document describes the options and features of TAO IDL compiler. It is not a reference manual or tutorial on OMG IDL. For more information on OMG IDL see the online CORBA specification and the Advanced CORBA Programming with C++ book. More information on the design of TAO's IDL compiler is also available online. Finally, comprehensive documentation on TAO's IDL compiler is available in the OCI TAO Developer's Guide.

### Generated Files

The IDL compiler generates 9 files from each `.idl` file. The file names are obtained by taking the IDL basename and appending the following suffixes (see the list of TAO's IDL compiler options on how to get different suffixes for these files:)

- Client stubs, i.e., `*C.h`, `*C.i`, and `*C.cpp`. Pure client applications only need to `#include` and link with these files.
- Server skeletons, i.e., `*S.h`, `*S.i`, and `*S.cpp`. Servers need to `#include` and link with these files.
- Server skeleton templates, i.e., `*S_T.h`, `S_T.i`, and `*S_T.cpp`. Some C++ compilers do not like template and non-template code in the same files, so TAO's IDL compiler generates these files separately.

TAO's IDL compiler creates separate `*.i` and `*S_T.*` files to improve the performance of the generated code. For example, the `*.i` files enable you to compile with inlining enabled or not, which is useful for trading-off compile-time and run-time performance. Fortunately, you only need to `#include` the client stubs declared in the `*C.h` file and the skeletons in the `*S.h` file in your code.

### Environment Variables

Variable | Usage CPP_LOCATION | Deprecated in version 1.0.4 of TAO. Please use TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR instead.
TAO_IDL_DEFAULT_CPP_FLAGS | Deprecated in version 1.0.4 of TAO. Please use TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR_ARGS instead.
TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR | Used to override the program name of the preprocessor that TAO_IDL uses.
TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR_ARGS | Used to override the flags passed to the preprocessor that TAO_IDL uses. This can be used to alter the default options for the preprocessor and specify things like include directories and how the preprocessor is invoked. Two flags that will always be passed to the preprocessor are `-DIDL` and `-I.`.
TAO_ROOT | Used to determine where `orb.idl` is located.
ACE_ROOT | Used to determine where `orb.idl` is located.

Because TAO_IDL doesn't have any code to implement a preprocessor, it has to use an external one. For convenience, it uses a built-in name for an external preprocessor to call. During compilation, this is how that default is set:

1. If the macro TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR is defined, then it will use that.
2. Else if the macro ACE_CC_PREPROCESSOR is defined, then it will use that.
3. Otherwise, it will use "cc"

And the same behavior occurs for the TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR_ARGS and ACE_CC_PREPROCESSOR_ARGS macros.

Case 1 is used by the Makefile on most machines to specify the preprocessor. Case 2 is used on Windows and platforms that need special arguments passed to the preprocessor (MVS, HPUX, etc.). And case 3 isn't used at all, but is included as a default case.

Since the default preprocessor may not always work when TAO_IDL is moved to another machine or used in cross-compilation, it can be overriden at runtime by setting the environment variables TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR and TAO_IDL_PREPROCESSOR_ARGS.

In previous versions, the environment variables CPP_LOCATION and TAO_IDL_DEFAULT_CPP_FLAGS were used for this purpose. Both will still work, but TAO_IDL will display a deprecation warning if it detects one of these. It is possible that support for these old variables will be removed in a future version of TAO.

If ACE_ROOT or TAO_ROOT are defined, then TAO_IDL will use them to include the $(ACE_ROOT)/TAO/tao or $(TAO_ROOT)/tao directories. This is to allow TAO_IDL to automatically find <orb.idl> when it is included in an IDL file. TAO_IDL will display a warning message when neither is defined.

### Operation Demuxing Strategies

The server skeleton can use different demuxing strategies to match the incoming operation with the correct operation at the servant. TAO's IDL compiler supports perfect hashing, binary search, and dynamic hashing demuxing strategies. By default, TAO's IDL compiler tries to generate perfect hash functions, which is generally the most efficient and predictable operation demuxing technique. To generate perfect hash functions, TAO's IDL compiler uses gperf , which is a general-purpose perfect hash function generator.

To configure TAO's IDL compiler to support perfect hashing please do the following:

- Enable `ACE_HAS_GPERF` when building ACE and TAO. This macro has been defined for the platforms where `gperf` has been tested, which includes most platforms that ACE runs on.

- Build the `gperf` in $ACE_ROOT/apps/gperf. This build also leaves a copy/link of the gperf program at the $ACE_ROOT/bin directory.

- Set the environment variable $ACE_ROOT appropriately or add $ACE_ROOT/bin to your search path.

- Use the `-g` option for the TAO IDL compiler or set your search path accordingly to install `gperf` in a directory other than $ACE_ROOT/bin.

Note that if you can't use perfect hashing for some reason the next best operation demuxing strategy is binary search, which can be configured using TAO's IDL compiler options.

### Collocation Strategies

TAO_IDL can generate collocated stubs using two different collocation strategies. It also allows you to supress/enable the generation of the stubs of a particular strategy. To gain great flexibility at run-time, you can gereate stubs for both collocation strategies (using both '`-Gp`' and '`-Gd`' flags at the same time) and defer the determination of collocation strategy until run-time. On the other hand, if you want to minimize the footprint of your program, you might want to pre-determine the collocation strategy you want and only generate the right collocated stubs (or not generating any at all using both '`-Sp`' and '`-Sd`' flags at the same time if it's a pure client.) See our collocation paper for a detail discussion on the collocation support in TAO.

### TAO's IDL Compiler Options

TAO's IDL compiler invokes your `C` (or `C++`) preprocessor to resolve included IDL files. It receives the common options for preprocessors (such as `-D` or `-I`). It also receives other options that are specific to it.

Option | Description | Remark
--- | --- | ---
`-u` | The compiler prints out the options that are given below and exits clean |
`-V` | The compiler printouts its version and exits |
`-Wb,`option_list | Pass options to the TAO IDL compiler backend. |
| `skel_export_macro=`macro_name | The compiler will emit macro_name right after each `class` or `extern` keyword in the generated skeleton code (S files,) this is needed for Windows/NT that requires special directives to export symbols from DLLs, usually the definition is just a space on unix platforms.
| `skel_export_include=`include_path | The compiler will generate code to include include_path at the top of the generated server header, this is usually a good place to define the server side export macro.
| `stub_export_macro=`macro_name | The compiler will emit macro_name right after each `class` or `extern` keyword in the generated stub code, this is needed for Windows/NT that requires special directives to export symbols from DLLs, usually the definition is just a space on unix platforms.
| `stub_export_include=`include_path | The compiler will generate code to include include_path at the top of the client header, this is usually a good place to define the export macro.
| `export_macro=`macro_name | This option has the same effect as issuing `-Wb,skel_export_macro=`macro_name `-Wb,stub_export_macro=`macro_name. This option is useful when building a DLL containing both stubs and skeletons.
| `export_include=`include_path | This option has the same effect as specifying `-Wb,stub_export_include=`include_path. This option goes with the previous option to build DLL containing both stubs and skeletons.
| `pch_include=`include_path | The compiler will generate code to include include_path at the top of all TAO IDL compiler generated files. This can be used with a precompiled header mechanism, such as those provided by Borland C++Builder or MSVC++.
| `obv_opt_accessor` | The IDL compiler will generate code to optimize access to base class data for valuetypes.
| `pre_include=`include_path | The compiler will generate code to include include_path at the top of the each header file, before any other include statements. For example, ace/pre.h, which pushes compiler options for the Borland C++ Builder and MSVC++ compilers, is included in this manner in all IDL-generated files in the TAO libraries and CORBA services.
| `post_include=`include_path | The compiler will generate code to include include_path at the bottom of the each header file. For example, ace/post.h, which pops compiler options for the Borland C++ Builder and MSVC++ compilers, is included in this manner in all IDL-generated files in the TAO libraries and CORBA services.
`-E` | Only invoke the preprocessor |
`-Wp,`option_list | Pass options to the preprocessor. |
`-d` | Causes output of a dump of the AST |
`-D`macro_definition | It is passed to the preprocessor |
`-U`macro_name | It is passed to the preprocessor |
`-I`include_path | It is passed to the preprocessor |
`-A`assertion | It is passed to the preprocessor |
`-Yp,path` | Specifies the path for the C preprocessor |
`-H perfect_hash` | To specify the IDL compiler to generate skelton code that uses perfect hashed operation demuxing strategy, which is the default strategy. Perfect hashing uses gperf program, to generate demuxing methods. |
`-H dynamic_hash` | To specify the IDL compiler to generate skelton code that uses dynamic hashed operation demuxing strategy. |
`-H binary_search` | To specify the IDL compiler to generate skelton code that uses binary search based operation demuxing strategy. |
`-H linear_search` | To specify the IDL compiler to generate skelton code that uses linear search based operation demuxing strategy. Note that this option is for testing purposes only and should not be used for production code since it's inefficient. |
`-in` | To generate #include statements with <>'s for the standard include files (e.g. tao/corba.h) indicating them as non-changing files |
`-ic` | To generate #include statements with ""s for changing standard include files (e.g. tao/corba.h). |
`-g` | To specify the path for the perfect hasing program (GPERF). Default is $ACE_ROOT/bin/gperf. |
`-o` | To specify the output directory to IDL compiler as to where all the IDL-compiler-generated files are to be put. By default, all the files are put in the current directory from where is called. |
`-hc` | Client's header file name ending. Default is "C.h". |
`-hs` | Server's header file name ending. Default is "S.h". |
`-hT` | Server's template header file name ending. Default is "S_T.h". |
`-cs` | Client stub's file name ending. Default is "C.cpp". |
`-ci` | Client inline file name ending. Default is "C.i". |
`-ss` | Server skeleton file name ending. Default is "S.cpp". |
`-sT` | Server template skeleton file name ending. Default is "S_T.cpp". |
`-si` | Server inline skeleton file name ending. Default is "S.i". |
`-st` | Server's template inline file name ending. Default is "S_T.i". |
`-t` | Temporary directory to be used by the IDL compiler. | Unix: use environment variable TEMPDIR if defined, else use /tmp/. Windows 95/98/Me: use environment variable TMP or TEMP if defined and directory exists, else use current directory. Windows NT/2000/XP: use environment variable TMP or TEMP if defined, else use the Windows directory.
`-Cw` | Output a warning if two identifiers in the same scope differ in spelling only by case (default is output of error message). | This option has been added as a nicety for dealing with legacy IDL files, written when the CORBA rules for name resolution were not as stringent.
`-Ce` | Output an error if two indentifiers in the same scope differ in spelling only by case (default). |
`-GC` | Generate AMI stubs ("sendc_" methods, reply handler stubs, exception holders, etc) |
`-GH` | Generate AMH stubs, skeletons, exception holders, etc. |
`-Ge` flag | If the value of the flag is 0, tao_idl will generate code that will use native C++ exceptions. If the value of the flag is 1, tao_idl will generate code that will use the `CORBA::Environment` variable for passing exceptions. If the value of the flag is 2, the C++ 'throw' keyword will be used in place of ACE_THROW_SPEC, ACE_THROW, and ACE_RETRHOW (ACE_THROW_RETURN and TAO_INTERCEPTOR_THROW will still be used). The default depends on how TAO_IDL has been built. If TAO_IDL is built with native exceptions enabled, the IDL compiler will not generate the emulated exception macros. If IDL compiler is built with native exceptions disabled, macros would be generated by default. |
`-Gp` | Generated collocated stubs that use `Thru_POA` collocation strategy (default) |
`-Gd` | Generated collocated stubs that use `Direct` collocation strategy |
`-Gsp` | Generate client smart proxies |
`-Gt` | Generate optimized TypeCodes |
`-GT` | Generate explicit template instantiations |
`-GA` | Generate type code and Any operator bodies in *A.cpp | Decouples client and server decisions to compile and link TypeCode- and Any-related code, which is generated in *C.cpp by default.
`-Guc` | Generate uninlined constant if defined in a module | Inlined (assigned a value in the C++ header file) by default, but this causes a problem with some compilers when using pre-compiled headers. Constants declared at global scope are always generated inline, while those declared in an interface or a valuetype never are - neither case is affected by this option.
`-GI` | Generate boiler-plate files that contain empty servant implementations |
`-GIh` arg | Servant implementation header file name ending |
`-GIs` arg | Servant implementation skeleton file name ending |
`-GIb` arg | Prefix to the implementation class names |
`-GIe` arg | Suffix to the implementation class names |
`-GIc` | Generate copy constructors in the servant implementation template files |
`-GIa` | Generate assignment operators in the servant implementation template files |
`-GId` | Generate IDL compiler source file/line# debug info in implementation files |
`-Sa` | Suppress generation of the Any operators |
`-Sp` | Suppress generation of collocated stubs that use `Thru_POA` collocation strategy |
`-Sd` | Suppress generation of collocated stubs that use `Direct` collocation strategy (default) |
`-St` | Suppress generation of the TypeCodes | Also suppresses the generation of the Any operators, since they need the associated typecode. User exceptions also need the generated typecode, and a user exception in an IDL file compiled with this option will cause a C++ compilation error.
`-Sc` | Suppress generation of the tie classes, and the *S_T.* files that contain them. |
`-Sv` | Suppress valuetype support. |

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